Story taken from World-Science.net

Possible Earth-sized, habitable planets found

Feb. 2, 2011
Courtesy of NASA and World Science staff

NASA’s Kep­ler space tel­e­scope seems to have dis­cov­ered five plan­ets that are about the size of Earth and could sup­port liquid water, the space agen­cy has an­nounced.

Pre­vi­ously, as­tro­no­mers had re­ported only one or two plan­ets fit­ting si­m­i­lar de­scrip­tions, and these were es­ti­mat­ed to be some­what larg­er than Earth.

Although further tests are needed to verify the finds, “in one genera­t­ion we have gone from ex­tra­ter­res­tri­al plan­ets be­ing a main­stay of sci­ence fic­tion, to the pre­s­ent, where Kep­ler has helped turn sci­ence fic­tion in­to to­day's real­ity,” NASA Ad­min­is­tra­tor Charles Bolden said this week. They are part of sev­er­al hun­dred new plan­et can­di­dates iden­ti­fied in new Kep­ler mis­sion da­ta.

A to­tal of 54 new plan­et can­di­dates were found in hab­it­a­ble zones, areas in the or­bits around stars where tem­per­a­tures should al­low for liq­uid wa­ter, re­search­ers said. These bodies are estim­ated to range from about Earth-size in dia­me­ter to larg­er than Ju­pi­ter. The find­ings are based ob­serva­t­ions con­ducted May 12 to Sept. 17, 2009, of more than 156,000 stars in Kep­ler's field of view, which co­vers about one 400th of the sky and lies in the con­stel­la­tions Cyg­nus and Ly­ra.

“The fact that we've found so many plan­et can­di­dates in such a ti­ny frac­tion of the sky sug­gests there are count­less plan­ets or­biting Sun-like stars in our ga­laxy,” said Wil­liam Borucki of NASA's Ames Re­search Cen­ter in Mof­fett Field, Calif., the mis­sion's sci­ence prin­ci­pal in­ves­ti­ga­tor. “We went from ze­ro to 68 Earth-sized plan­et can­di­dates and ze­ro to 54 can­di­dates in the hab­it­a­ble zone, some of which could have moons with liq­uid wa­ter.”

Among the stars with plan­etary can­di­dates, 170 show ev­i­dence of mul­ti­ple plan­etary can­di­dates, the sci­en­tists added. The star Kep­ler-11, lo­cat­ed about 2,000 light years from Earth, is de­cribed as the most tightly packed plan­etary sys­tem yet dis­cov­ered. The Kep­ler-11 find­ings are to ap­pear in the Feb. 3 is­sue of the jour­nal Na­ture.

The Kep­ler tel­e­scope looks for plan­ets by meas­ur­ing ti­ny de­creases in the bright­ness of stars caused by plan­ets cross­ing in front of them. The Kep­ler sci­ence team uses ground-based tel­e­scopes and the Spitzer Space Tel­e­scope to re­view ob­serva­t­ions on plan­etary can­di­dates and oth­er ob­jects of in­ter­est the space­craft finds.

A di­a­gram show­ing the dis­tri­bu­tion of plan­e­tary can­di­dates found so far by the Kep­ler tel­e­scope, color-coded by size.
(Im­age cred­it: NA­SA/Wendy Sten­zel)

Story taken from Yahoo News.
NASA finds Earth-size planets in habitable zone

By SETH BORENSTEIN, AP Science Writer – Wed Feb 2, 8:25 pm ET

An orbiting NASA telescope is finding whole new worlds of possibilities in the search for alien life, spotting more than 50 potential planets that appear to be in the habitable zone.

In just a year of peering out at a small slice of the galaxy, the Kepler telescope has discovered 1,235 possible planets outside our solar system. Amazingly, 54 of them are seemingly in the zone that could be hospitable to life — that is, not too hot or too cold, Kepler chief scientist William Borucki said. Until now, only two planets outside our solar system were even thought to be in the "Goldilocks zone." And both those discoveries are highly disputed.

Fifty-four possibilities is "an enormous amount, an inconceivable amount," Borucki said. "It's amazing to see this huge number because up to now, we've had zero."

The more than 1,200 newfound celestial bodies are not confirmed as planets yet, but Borucki estimates 80 percent of them will eventually be verified. At least one other astronomer believes Kepler could be 90 percent accurate.

After that, it's another big step in proving that a confirmed planet has some of the basic conditions needed to support life, such as the proper size, composition, temperature and distance from its star. More advanced aspects of habitability such as atmospheric conditions and the presence of water and carbon require telescopes that aren't built yet.
Just because a planet is in the habitable zone doesn't mean it has life. Mars is a good example of that. And even if some these planets are found to contain life, it may not be intelligent life; it could be bacteria or mold or some kind of life form people can't even imagine.

All the celestial bodies Kepler looks at are in our Milky Way galaxy, but they are so far away that traveling there is not a realistic option. In some cases it would take many millions of years with current technology.

But what Kepler is finding in distant parts of the galaxy could be applied to exploring closer stars, astronomers say. "Our grandchildren will have to decide what's the next step," Borucki said at a NASA news conference. "Do they want to go there? Do they want to send a robot?"

Before Wednesday, the count of confirmed planets outside the solar system stood at 519. That means Kepler could triple the number. And those findings are from Kepler's scanning of just one four-hundredth of the night sky, so the actual number of planets out there is presumably hundreds of times greater, Borucki said.

That is exciting to astronomers, since the more planets there are, the greater the odds that life exists elsewhere in the universe.

Yale University astronomer Debra Fischer, who wasn't part of the Kepler team but serves as an outside expert for NASA, said the new information "gives us a much firmer footing" to hope for worlds that could harbor life.

"I feel different today, knowing these new Kepler results, than I did a week ago," Fischer said. She said Kepler "has blown the lid off of everything we know about extrasolar planets."

Another outside astronomer, Lisa Kaltenegger of Harvard University, called the findings "exciting good news."

Kepler also found that there are many more relatively small planets than there are giant planets. That is encouraging, too: Astronomers think a planet needs to be solid — rocky like Earth or Mars — for life to develop. And very large planets are unlikely to be solid; they are more prone to be gas behemoths like Jupiter.

Sixty-eight of the planet candidates Kepler found are considered Earth-sized, including the first ones ever discovered to be smaller than Earth. An additional 288 planets were less than twice the size of Earth, which is still in that optimum zone for life.
Only five of the 54 potentially habitable celestial bodies are close to the size of Earth, while the rest approach the gassy girths of Neptune or Jupiter, Borucki said.

To be in the habitable zone, a planet has to be the proper distance from its star so that it could have liquid water on its surface, at least sometimes. NASA considers habitable-zone temperatures to be roughly between 0 degrees and 200 degrees Fahrenheit. The proper distance varies by star; smaller, weaker stars, for example, would require planets to be closer to be habitable.

Because of the various factors that could make planets more prone to life, University of California Santa Cruz astronomer Greg Laughlin created a formula that puts a dollar value on these far-off planets with the idea that the first planet that is incredibly similar to Earth would have a value of $1 million.

Until Wednesday, the highest value Laughlin assigned to an exoplanet, which is what astronomers call a planet outside our solar system, was a measly $158. One of Kepler's new discoveries is worth nearly a quarter-million dollars, Laughlin figures.
Kepler was launched in 2009 and orbits the sun between Earth and Mars. It needs time to find planets, identifying them by watching them repeatedly move past the star they orbit.

Kepler scientists are strict about calling candidate planets confirmed. Of 400 candidate planets announced last year, only nine of Kepler's discoveries had been confirmed before Wednesday.

Of the more than 800 new candidates, both in and out of the habitable zone, only six are confirmed, all way too hot for life. And they are strange — all densely packed and circling a single star. Five of them are closer to their star than Mercury is to our sun, and they move in precise circular and stable orbits.

That strange star system is 2,000 light years from Earth, according to a separate study published Wednesday in the journal Nature. A light year is nearly 6 trillion miles.

This artist rendering provided by NASA, shows Kepler-11, a sun-like star around which six planets orbit.

well its light it travels fastest we can think of isnt it?

Mental note: stop working on cosmology and dark energy and start developing warp theory...